Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) The global context of the study area showing the location of Macquarie Island (indicated by a red star), map uses WGS84 coordinate system ( b ) the location of Macquarie Island (indicated by a red star) with respect to Antarctica, Australia and South America and the SOIs (Southern Ocean Islands), Polar Front and Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF), map uses the Polar Stereographic coordinate system, and ( c ) map of Macquarie Island with location of lake water sampling sites (orange symbols) with lake extents and drainage lines.

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques: Sampling

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lake waters sampled from Macquarie Island represented as a Scholler plot with the red dashed bolded line representing seawater composition and black lines are lake water concentration of SO 4 , Cl, Mg, Na, K, Ca, F and Si.

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Hierarchical cluster analysis of lake water chemistry variables on Macquarie Island, showing three lake clusters and the five most significant variables associated with each cluster (Table ). ( b ) Lakes coloured by cluster membership superimposed on a layer of the islands elevational variation.

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of ion concentrations and isotopes relative to distance from the west coast. Note the generally high concentrations of ( a ) Cl, ( b ) Na, ( c ) SO 4 and ( d ) Sr in the lakes from Cluster 1 (green) are located close to the west coast. Concentrations of ( e ) Fe are mixed in lake waters impacted by sea-spray, whilst concentrations of ( f ) Ca, ( g ) F and ( h ) SiO 2 are low in these lakes and increase with distance from the west coast, particularly in samples identified as having undergone high water–rock interaction. Lakes in Cluster 1 located close to the west coast contain higher ( i ) δ 18 O and ( j ) 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and relatively low ( k ) δ 13 C DIC values. δ 13 C DOC values ( l ) show no significant relationship with distance from the west coast ( p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Macquarie Island lakes excluding 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr results were omitted from this PCA due to the low sample size (n = 10), which would result in the omission of 30 out of 40 lakes in the dataset and a reduction of the statistical power of the PCA. Sample colours represent lake clusters (see Fig. ). Clusters are interpreted as groups of lakes impacted by sea-spray (Cluster 1 in Fig. ), and two clusters less impacted by sea-spray, but impacted by high and lower water–rock interactions (Clusters 2 and 3 respectively in Fig. ). ( b ) PCA of Macquarie Island lakes, including 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (n = 10) results. This biplot shows that the highest 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values in the dataset are associated with sea-spray inputs including SO 4 , Br, Cl, Na and conductivity. In contrast, low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values are associated with lake waters which have undergone high water–rock interaction and the dissolution of secondary carbonates resulting in high 13 C DIC , pH, Ca and HCO . Note: The Component 2 (PC2) axis in ( b ) is flipped for easy comparison to (a).

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques: Dissolution, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Conceptual synthesis of the hydrochemical processes affecting lake water chemistry on Macquarie Island.

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Hydrochemical and isotopic baselines for understanding hydrological processes across Macquarie Island

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25115-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationships between ( a ) fluoride (F) vs. elevation, ( b ) calcium (Ca) vs. elevation, ( c ) silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) vs. elevation, ( d ) F vs. SiO 2 , ( e ) Ca vs. SiO 2 , ( f ) δ 13 C DIC (‰) vs. strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr), ( g ) Sr vs. Ca and ( h ) Sr vs. SiO 2 . Lakes are coloured by cluster with red, green and blue points representing lakes with high sea-spray input and samples which have undergone high and low water–rock interaction (cluster groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively in Fig. a). Notably, the highest 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values (n = 10) in the dataset are associated with sea-spray inputs including SO 4 , Br, Cl, Na and conductivity.

Article Snippet: Figure 4 Difference between Macquarie Island Lake water samples (δ 2 H = 5.6 δ 18 O − 4.3), the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ 2 H = 8 δ 18 O + 10) and Cape Grim local meteoric water line (LMWL, δ 2 H = 6.8 δ 18 O + 6.65). (Cluster groupings from Fig. a).

Techniques: